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DDX10 RNA Helicase: Structure, Function, and Oncogenic Roles Across Solid and Hematologic Tumors.

Giorgia Isinelli1, Genny Scacci1, Arianna Capocchia1

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Summary

DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX10 is crucial in cancer, regulating RNA metabolism and gene expression. Its dysregulation drives oncogenesis, making DDX10 a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for various malignancies.

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DDX10DEAD-box RNA helicaseNUP98::DDX10 fusionacute myeloid leukemia (AML)epigenetic regulationliquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS)oncogenic transformationribosome biogenesissolid tumorstumor biomarker

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • RNA Metabolism

Background:

  • DEAD-box (DDX) RNA helicases are vital for RNA metabolism and gene expression.
  • DDX10's specific roles and involvement in human diseases are not well understood.
  • Emerging evidence links DDX10 to various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of DDX10's structure, function, and roles in cancer.
  • To explore DDX10's involvement in pre-rRNA processing, ribosome biogenesis, and cell proliferation.
  • To discuss DDX10's potential links to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and epigenetic regulation in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on DDX10.
  • Analysis of DDX10's structural and functional domains.
  • Examination of DDX10's expression patterns and functional roles in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.

Main Results:

  • DDX10 contributes to fundamental cellular processes like pre-rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis.
  • Dysregulated DDX10 disrupts transcriptional homeostasis, promoting oncogenic transformation.
  • Aberrant DDX10 expression is linked to tumor progression, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis.
  • The NUP98::DDX10 fusion drives leukemogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia.

Conclusions:

  • DDX10 is a key player in cancer biology, connecting aberrant RNA metabolism and altered molecular condensates.
  • DDX10's tumor-associated expression and functions position it as a potential diagnostic biomarker.
  • DDX10 represents a promising therapeutic target for various cancers, warranting further investigation.