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Energy-Efficient 3D Trajectory Optimization and Resource Allocation for UAV-Enabled ISAC Systems.

Lulu Jing1,2, Hai Wang1, Zhen Qin3,4

  • 1College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210042, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
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Summary

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can enhance sensing and communication but face energy limitations. This study optimizes UAV trajectory, scheduling, and power for maximum sensing energy efficiency (SEE) in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems.

Keywords:
3D trajectoryISAC systemUAVenergy efficiencyresource allocation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer flexible, autonomous aerial platforms for sensing and communication.
  • Limited onboard energy restricts UAV operational duration and efficiency.
  • Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems combine radar sensing and data transmission on a single platform.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To maximize Sensing Energy Efficiency (SEE) in a UAV-assisted ISAC system.
  • To jointly optimize UAV 3D trajectory, task scheduling, and power allocation.
  • To address the energy bottleneck for sustained UAV operations in remote and time-critical scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a non-convex fractional programming problem to maximize SEE.
  • Development of an iterative algorithm combining the Dinkelbach method and Block Coordinate Descent (BCD).
  • Joint optimization of UAV trajectory, task scheduling, and power allocation under kinematic and coverage constraints.

Main Results:

  • The proposed iterative algorithm effectively solves the complex optimization problem.
  • Achieved superior trade-offs between sensing performance and energy consumption compared to existing methods.
  • Demonstrated the viability of optimizing multiple parameters for enhanced energy efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed optimization strategy significantly improves SEE for UAV-assisted ISAC systems.
  • Joint optimization of trajectory, scheduling, and power is crucial for energy-efficient UAV operations.
  • This research provides a framework for designing sustainable and efficient aerial sensing and communication platforms.