Current Appraisal and Gaps in Knowledge in Cardio-Kidney Metabolic Syndrome Definition

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Cardiology
• Metabolic Disorders

Background:

• Metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular disorders frequently coexist, with a strong link between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• A reciprocal relationship exists between heart failure (HF) and renal dysfunction, where dysfunction in one organ exacerbates the other.
• Common risk factors include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which promote atherosclerosis and endothelial damage.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current challenges and perspectives in defining and assessing the co-occurrence of CKD and CVD.
• To highlight the need for a specific diagnostic and laboratory fingerprint for improved classification and management.
• To address unanswered questions regarding the classification, development, monitoring, and prevention of combined renal and cardiac dysfunction.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on the relationship between CKD and CVD.
• Analysis of common risk factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
• Discussion of current diagnostic and classification challenges.

Main Results:

• The interplay between CKD and CVD is complex, driven by shared risk factors and pathophysiological pathways.
• Existing classification systems and management strategies for CKD and CVD may not adequately address their combined impact.
• There is a lack of reliable data on cardiac and renal outcomes across different stages of combined disease.

Conclusions:

• Improved understanding and classification of combined CKD and CVD are crucial for effective patient management.
• A specific diagnostic and laboratory fingerprint is proposed to aid in the assessment and management of these coexisting conditions.
• Further research is needed to address gaps in knowledge regarding monitoring and preventive strategies for combined renal and cardiac dysfunction.