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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L.
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Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L.

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Temporal Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Reprogramming Unveils a Two-Phase Salt Tolerance Mechanism in Apocynum

Syeda Wajeeha Gillani1,2, Meng Wang3, Lu Wang4

  • 1Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying 257300, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apocynum venetum exhibits a two-phase salt tolerance strategy. Early responses involve signaling pathways and specific metabolites, while later stages focus on metabolic adaptation and ROS detoxification for survival under salt stress.

Keywords:
NaCl stressmetabolomicsphenylpropanoidspioneer speciessalt-toleranttranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Soil salinization is a critical threat to global crop production.
  • Apocynum venetum, a halophyte, offers a valuable model for studying salt tolerance mechanisms.
  • The temporal gene and metabolite dynamics during salt stress adaptation in A. venetum are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the early and late molecular and metabolic responses of A. venetum to NaCl stress.
  • To identify key genes and pathways involved in salt tolerance.
  • To characterize the temporal dynamics of salt adaptation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics (UHPLC-MS).
  • Physiological assays to measure stress indicators.
  • Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) for gene network identification.

Main Results:

  • NaCl stress reduced chlorophyll but increased Na+ accumulation, MDA, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), and flavonoids.
  • Early responses (7 days) showed accumulation of specific phenolic compounds and activation of hormone and MAPK signaling.
  • Late responses (18 days) involved different metabolites and enrichment of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways.

Conclusions:

  • A. venetum employs a distinct two-phase salt tolerance strategy.
  • Early adaptation involves rapid signaling and metabolic adjustments.
  • Late adaptation focuses on sustained metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress management for long-term survival.