Cytokines and Chemokines as Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer-Narrative Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant global health challenge, characterized by an increasing incidence rate and high mortality rate. Early detection and effective treatment are crucial to improving patients' quality of life. Cytokines and chemokines are key modulators of the tumor microenvironment, influencing the recruitment of immune cells, angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of selected cytokines and chemokines in CRC. We discuss their potential as biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response. We also highlight emerging therapeutic strategies targeting cytokine and chemokine pathways, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, modulation of chemokine signaling, and the direct use of cytokines to enhance antitumor immunity, with particular emphasis on interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis, which show consistent associations with tumor stage, metastasis, and treatment response. Integrating cytokine- and chemokine-based approaches with combination therapies could lead to more effective conventional treatments. In summary, this review emphasizes the potential of cytokines and chemokines as diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets, paving the way for more personalized and effective treatment strategies for colorectal cancer.