Phytohemical Profiling, Bioactivity and Toxicity Evaluation of Elsholtzia cypriani, a Potential Multifunctional...

The overuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry is a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance, creating a pressing need for safe and effective natural alternatives. This study systematically evaluated the potential of the edible aromatic plant Elsholtzia cypriani as a comprehensive alternative by investigating its chemical composition, bioactivities, and preliminary safety. Methods included solvent extraction and systematic chromatographic fractionation from the plant aerial parts, complemented by a series of in vitro assays assessing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, along with an acute toxicity study. A total of thirty compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated, including two new and twenty-eight known compounds reported for the first time in this species. Key isolates, such as ethyl caffeate and luteolin, demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial action against pathogens like Escherichia coli. Acute toxicity assessment revealed no adverse effects at the tested dosage. In conclusion, E. cypriani is rich in diverse bioactive compounds which exhibit direct antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities in vitro, and shows a favorable preliminary safety profile. This work systematically establishes the chemical and pharmacological basis for this plant, highlighting its potential for further development and evaluation as a multifunctional natural feed additive.