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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

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Evolution from Composome to RNA Replicase.

Shaojie Deng1, Doron Lancet2, Roy Yaniv2

  • 1Chongqing (Fengjie) Municipal Bureau of Planning and Natural Resources, Chongqing 404699, China.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study integrates metabolism-first and replication-first origin-of-life models. It proposes a novel RNA replicase evolution scheme, bridging chemical and biological evolution.

Keywords:
Darwinian evolutionRNA hypothesisRNA replicasechemical evolutioncompositional informationgenetic informationmetabolism graded autocatalysis replication domain modelorigin of lifestable complex encoding model

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Area of Science:

  • Origin of Life Studies
  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Replication-first models (e.g., Stable Complex Evolution) show progress in RNA replicase evolution but lack breakthroughs.
  • Metabolism-first models (e.g., Collectively Autocatalytic Sets) explore metabolic networks but struggle with the transition to RNA replication.
  • Existing origin-of-life hypotheses often remain separate, failing to address the interplay between metabolism and replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel scheme for RNA replicase origin by integrating metabolism-first and replication-first hypotheses.
  • To theoretically bridge the gap between chemical evolution and the emergence of biological replication.
  • To address the neglect of enzymatic catalysis in metabolism-first theories.

Main Methods:

  • Deriving a replication-first Stable Complex Evolution (SCE) scheme from the metabolism-first Graded Autocatalysis Replication Domain (GARD) model.
  • Introducing oligonucleotide assemblies and expanding the concept of composomes within the GARD model.
  • Analyzing the general evolutionary mechanism of enzymes.

Main Results:

  • A novel, integrated scheme for RNA replicase origin is proposed.
  • Theoretical support is provided for the mutual dependence of metabolism-first and replication-first hypotheses.
  • The scheme offers insights into the evolutionary mechanism of enzymes and their role in early life.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated scheme successfully bridges the gap between chemical and biological evolution.
  • It provides a theoretical framework for understanding the transition from metabolic networks to RNA replication.
  • This work offers crucial insights into the origin of RNA replicase and enzymatic catalysis.