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Chronic obstructive pulmonary isease (COPD) involves a group of progressive lung disorders characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms. Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS), encompassing features of both asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a group of progressive lung disorders that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. ACOS leads to complex clinical presentations that combine the inflammatory...
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Incentive Spirometer in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

Marina Kloni1,2, Alexandros Heraclides2, Theognosia Panteli1,2

  • 1Physiotherapy Department, Medical Center EDEM, Tersefanou, 7562 Larnaca, Cyprus.

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|February 27, 2026
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Summary

The incentive spirometer may aid recovery for adults with COVID-19, improving respiratory and functional outcomes. However, evidence quality is low to moderate, requiring further research for definitive conclusions.

Keywords:
COVID-19Post-COVID-19 syndromeincentive spirometerrehabilitationrespiratory physiotherapysystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Rehabilitation
  • Evidence-Based Medicine
  • COVID-19 Research

Background:

  • Millions suffer from persistent COVID-19 symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue.
  • Respiratory physiotherapy is a key intervention for pulmonary conditions.
  • The role of incentive spirometry in COVID-19 recovery needs systematic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of incentive spirometry on COVID-19 patients.
  • To assess impacts on cardiopulmonary, functional, and patient-reported outcomes.
  • To analyze benefits during both acute and post-COVID-19 phases.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, etc.).
  • Inclusion of studies published between January 2020 and April 2025.
  • Narrative synthesis due to heterogeneity; 12 studies (573 participants) included.

Main Results:

  • Within-group analyses showed improved pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, O2 sat), reduced dyspnea, and better quality of life.
  • Significant benefits observed for FVC, DLCO, O2 sat, 6MWT, and 30s STS test in between-group comparisons.
  • Evidence certainty ranged from very low to moderate; risk of bias was moderate to serious.

Conclusions:

  • Incentive spirometry shows potential for respiratory, functional, and psychological recovery in COVID-19 patients.
  • Observed effects vary by outcome and comparator; evidence certainty is limited.
  • High-quality research is essential to confirm efficacy and guide clinical practice.