Vulvar Varicosities and Pelvic Venous Disorders in Nongravid Women: A Case Series

Background/Objectives: The authors hypothesize that some vulvar varicosities are due to and can be treated by addressing underlying pelvic venous disorders (PeVDs). The purpose of this single center retrospective study is to evaluate vulvar varicosity resolution following treatment of an underlying PeVD. Methods: This study is a single center, retrospective case series from 2010 to 2025 of all patients evaluated in a single vein clinic with vulvar varicosities confirmed by examination and/or imaging, most commonly CT abdomen and pelvis with contrast. Inclusion criteria were presence of vulvar varicosities, evidence of an underlying PeVD, treatment with either left ovarian vein embolization or left iliac stenting, and at least one month of follow-up. PeVD was defined as a combination of suggestive imaging findings (left ovarian vein dilation or left common iliac compression) combined with associated symptoms including pelvic pain and pelvic fullness. Exclusion criteria included prior intervention for PeVDs, other vascular pathologies such as vascular malformations, incomplete documentation, and inaccessible imaging. Results: A total of 18 women with an average of 44 years of age met inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. Thirteen patients (72.2%) presented with lower extremity varicosities at the same visit. Fifteen patients were multiparous at the time of presentation with a para status averaging 2.5. Ten patients (55.6%) had left ovarian reflux confirmed venographically and received ovarian vein embolization. Preoperative or intraoperative left ovarian venous diameter averaged 7.8 mm. Seven patients (38.9%) had left common iliac vein compression and received self-expandable left common iliac venous stenting. Preoperative CT suggested compression and all patients had intraoperative intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) prior to stenting with an average stenosis of 75.9%. One patient had both pathologies and received both treatments. No patients underwent right ovarian vein embolization nor had venographic evidence of right ovarian reflux. A total of 16 out of 18 patients (88.9%) had complete resolution of PeVDs. One patient had partial response for pelvic pain at one month of follow-up. Another patient had recurrence of pelvic pain symptoms and is being worked up for Nutcracker syndrome. All patients had resolution of their vulvar varicosities on follow-up examination. Conclusions: Vulvar varicosities may be indicative of an underlying PeVD. Vulvar varicosity resolution is associated with PeVD treatment in this case series. Therefore, vulvar varicosities are an important physical exam finding in pelvic examination and referral to a vein specialist should be considered. Additional higher powered, prospective, and randomized studies are indicated to further evaluate this relationship.