Neonatal Esophageal Perforation: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Background/Objectives: Neonatal esophageal perforation (EP) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, primarily affecting preterm and very low birth weight infants. Iatrogenic injury-most commonly related to malpositioned naso- or orogastric tubes-represents the leading cause. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of EP cases diagnosed within the first 28 days of life and reported between 2004 and October 2025 in PubMed and Scopus databases. The analysis focused on clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, management strategies, and outcomes. Only English-language case reports, case series, and observational studies (retrospective, cross-sectional and multicenter analyses) were included. Previously published narrative and systematic reviews were screened for relevant primary studies and contextual comparison, but were not included as primary data sources. Additionally, the emotional impact of iatrogenic complications on neonatal teams was also explored, through a focus on the importance of safety culture, reflective practice, and professional learning. Results: A total of 84 neonatal EP cases, were identified across 11 publications. The literature consistently indicates that iatrogenic EP predominantly affects infants born <28 weeks of gestational age and weighing <1000 g. Conservative management is effective in the majority of cases, whereas surgical intervention is reserved for complicated or refractory presentations. Prevention relies on standardized tube insertion techniques and early imaging verification. Conclusions: Although rare, neonatal EP demands high clinical vigilance, timely imaging-based diagnosis, and cautious conservative treatment. This review aims to consolidate available evidence while emphasizing the role of preventive strategies, safety culture, and team awareness in neonatal intensive care. By integrating clinical findings with reflections on iatrogenic risk, it seeks to support standardized practices, multidisciplinary learning, and continuous improvement in patient safety.