Genetically Modified Microorganisms: Risks and Regulatory Considerations for Human and Environmental Health

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Environmental Science
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Affordable genetic engineering enables widespread environmental release of genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs).
• GMMs, unlike chemicals, are self-replicating and can mutate, posing unique long-term risks.
• Current international regulations for GMMs lack coordination, with each country responsible for oversight.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review critical risk scenarios associated with GMM environmental release.
• To highlight potential impacts on human health (microbiome disruption) and ecosystems (super bugs, carbon cycles).
• To propose a biosafety workflow and advocate for the precautionary principle in GMM regulation.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of GMM risks and regulatory frameworks.
• Analysis of potential ecological and health consequences of GMMs.
• Development of a proposed biosafety workflow.

Main Results:

• GMMs can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, disrupt human microbiomes, and promote antibiotic resistance.
• Environmental risks include the emergence of 'super bugs' and destabilization of carbon sequestration.
• Engineered microbial enzymes may contribute to autoimmunity and impact climate resilience.

Conclusions:

• A proactive biosafety workflow involving pre-release risk assessment and post-release monitoring is essential.
• International regulatory bodies should adopt the precautionary principle for GMMs.
• Protecting human health and the environment requires careful management of GMMs.