Exploring Coaches' Strategies for Enhancing Athlete Happiness: A Q-Method Study of Subjective Psychosocial...

Background/Objectives: Coaches substantially influence athletes' psychological well-being, yet the specific strategies they use to enhance happiness remain insufficiently understood. Given the established contribution of happiness to motivation, resilience, and long-term sport engagement, identifying these strategies and the perceptual patterns underlying them is essential. This study examined coaches' subjective viewpoints regarding happiness-oriented strategies and identified the psychosocial orientations that structure these perspectives. Methods: Q methodology was applied using a 30-item Q set developed from interviews and expert review. Thirty professional coaches (≥5 years of experience) ranked the items according to perceived importance. By-person factor analysis and z-score interpretation were used to derive shared viewpoints. Results: Two coherent factors emerged. Factor 1 (59% variance) reflected a group-oriented psychosocial support approach, emphasizing team cohesion, positive feedback, social support, and mental resilience. Factor 2 (9% variance) represented an individual-centered, empathy-driven orientation, characterized by value affirmation, personalized communication, and emotional sensitivity. Distinct z-score patterns underscored clear contrasts between collective and individualized strategies. Conclusions: Coaches promote athlete happiness through two complementary orientations: collective psychosocial support and individualized psychological sensitivity. These findings extend self-determination theory and positive psychology by demonstrating how relatedness, competence, and individualized care are operationalized within coaching practice. The results offer practical guidance for integrating well-being into coach education and organizational policies.