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Interaction Between Vitamin D Status and Aerobic Physical Activity in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk Clustering
Kyeongmin Jang1, Hye Won Yun2, Sung Hwan Kim2
1Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Daejin University, 1007 Hoguk-ro, Pocheon-si 11159, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Background/Objectives:
This study investigated whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) modifies the association between meeting WHO aerobic physical activity guidelines and cardiometabolic risk clustering among rural older adults in South Korea.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study analyzed 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data for rural-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years with complete data (n = 441). Cardiometabolic risk clustering (CMRC) was defined as the presence of ≥3 of five risk factors (abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and hyperglycemia). Exposures were continuous serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and adherence to the WHO aerobic physical activity guidelines (yes/no). Multivariable logistic regression models tested the 25(OH)D × physical activity interaction, adjusting for sex, age (≥75 vs. <75 years), education, household income, smoking status, alcohol use, and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Conditional effects of physical activity were estimated at the 16th, 50th, and 84th percentiles of 25(OH)D.
Results:
A significant interaction between 25(OH)D and physical activity was observed (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.97; p = 0.005). Physical activity was not associated with CMRC at low 25(OH)D (16th percentile, 17.08 ng/mL; OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 0.78-3.47), but it was associated with lower odds of CMRC at high 25(OH)D (84th percentile, 36.98 ng/mL; OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10-0.62).
Conclusions:
Vitamin D status modified the association between aerobic physical activity and cardiometabolic risk clustering among rural older adults. Integrated prevention strategies addressing both physical activity and vitamin D insufficiency may be valuable in rural aging populations.
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