Ecological Memory in Plants: Epigenetic Integration of Abiotic Stress and Climate Change

Against the backdrop of global climate change and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, a central scientific question has emerged: how do plants adapt to such "pulsed" stressors? While traditional research has focused on immediate physiological responses and long-term genetic adaptation, this review introduces "ecological memory" as a novel integrative framework. It emphasizes the ability of plants to actively "record" past stress experiences through epigenetic mechanisms, thereby enhancing their adaptability to future adversities. This article systematically elucidates the molecular basis whereby abiotic stressors induce specific epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation and histone modifications) to form memories. It further discusses how such memories mediate physiological integration mechanisms, such as acclimation and priming-induced resistance at the individual level, and highlights potential pathways for transgenerational epigenetic memory transmission, which may accelerate population-level adaptive evolution. Finally, we evaluate the applications of the ecological memory concept in predicting species distribution, enhancing ecosystem resilience, and guiding the design of "climate smart" crops, aiming to shift the research paradigm from static tolerance studies to dynamic memory and adaptation frameworks.