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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes
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ZmbHLH30 Enhances Cold Tolerance During Maize Germination.

Xinguang Tang1, Yitong Sun1, Bangguo Zhang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Engineering Technology Research Center of Maize Germplasm Resources Innovation on Cold Land of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low temperature significantly impacts maize growth, especially germination. The study identifies ZmbHLH30 as a key gene enhancing cold tolerance in maize seedlings and germination.

Keywords:
ZmbHLH30cold tolerancefunctional verificationgermination stagemaize

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Genetics
  • Abiotic Stress Biology

Background:

  • Low temperature poses a significant abiotic stress to maize throughout its life cycle, with germination being highly sensitive.
  • Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying cold tolerance is crucial for improving maize resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify candidate genes responsible for early-stage cold tolerance in maize.
  • To investigate the function of ZmbHLH30 in regulating maize responses to low temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was employed to identify candidate genes.
  • Gene expression analysis, protein localization studies, and promoter activity assays were performed.
  • Overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques were used to assess ZmbHLH30 function.
  • Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted.

Main Results:

  • ZmbHLH30 was identified as a candidate gene for cold tolerance.
  • ZmbHLH30 protein is localized in the cytoplasm, and its promoter contains stress-responsive elements.
  • Overexpression of ZmbHLH30 enhanced cold tolerance at germination, bud, and seedling stages.
  • ZmbHLH30 knockout lines exhibited reduced cold tolerance.
  • ZmbHLH30 expression is modulated by cold stress in overexpression and knockout lines.

Conclusions:

  • ZmbHLH30 plays a critical role in mediating cold tolerance in maize, particularly during early developmental stages.
  • The findings provide valuable genetic insights into maize cold stress response mechanisms.