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Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...

COP Coated Vesicles

COP Coated Vesicles

Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

Published on: June 28, 2019

Structural Insights into Cell Wall-Related Vesicle Secretion with Different Mechanisms.

Jiawen Yang^1,2, Sheng Chang³, Linlin Li³

¹Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 27, 2026

Summary

Secretory vesicles bypass plasma membrane fusion in walled eukaryotes like plants and fungi. This study reveals unique exocytosis mechanisms enabling cargo delivery through rigid cell walls.

Keywords:

ET TEM cell wall-related vesicle secretion vesicular trafficking

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In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Plant Biology
Mycology

Background:

Exocytosis is vital for cellular transport in eukaryotes.
Walled organisms (plants, fungi) face unique challenges for vesicular secretion due to rigid cell walls.
The mechanism of vesicle transport across cell walls remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural mechanisms of cell wall-related exocytosis.
To understand how walled eukaryotic cells secrete cargo.
To elucidate the adaptations of vesicle secretion in constrained environments.

Main Methods:

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET)
Serial section electron tomography (SS-ET)

Main Results:

Secretory vesicles do not fuse with the plasma membrane during cell wall secretion in *Arabidopsis thaliana* and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.
Vesicles were observed within multivesicular body (MVB)-like structures in the cell wall of *A. thaliana* floral nectaries.
Distinct structural pathways for vesicle secretion across cell walls were identified.

Conclusions:

Walled eukaryotic cells employ specialized exocytosis pathways distinct from non-walled cells.
These pathways facilitate cargo delivery despite the restrictive cell wall barrier.
Findings expand the understanding of exocytosis in plants, fungi, and archaea.