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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Microbiological Spectrum and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Hand Surgery Infections: A Monocentric

Lorenzo Drago1,2, Fabiana Giarritiello1,3, Deflorio Loredana1

  • 1UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Hand surgery infections, especially from trauma or implants, show distinct microbial patterns. While polymicrobial infections are common, high-level antibiotic resistance is rare, guiding targeted treatment.

Keywords:
antimicrobial resistancecardiometabolic comorbiditieshand surgery infectionsimplant-associated infectionssurgical site infectionstrauma-related infections

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Hand surgery infections are a significant complication, particularly after trauma or with internal fixation devices.
  • Limited data exists on the specific microbiological profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns in hand surgery infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the microbiological landscape and antimicrobial resistance patterns of infections in a hand surgery cohort.
  • To differentiate these profiles based on clinical scenarios like trauma versus internal fixation device infections.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective observational study of 72 patients with hand surgery infections (Jan 2024 - Jun 2025).
  • Analysis of microbiological isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility.
  • Stratification by clinical scenario (trauma, internal fixation) and infection type (monomicrobial, polymicrobial).

Main Results:

  • Trauma-related infections (77.8%) were often monomicrobial (64.3%), predominantly *Staphylococcus aureus* (25.0% methicillin-resistant).
  • Polymicrobial trauma infections had complexity but low resistance; internal fixation infections (22.2%) were more often polymicrobial.
  • No extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales or carbapenem-resistant organisms were found.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides crucial microbiological data for hand surgery infections, addressing a gap in orthopedic literature.
  • Infection profiles vary significantly with clinical context and microbial complexity.
  • Low rates of high-level resistance suggest local surveillance is key for empirical therapy decisions.