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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

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Managing Bone Infections Beyond Systemic Antibiotics: A Scoping Review.

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Treating bone infections like osteomyelitis is challenging due to biofilms and poor antibiotic delivery. New local delivery systems and immunotherapies offer promising alternatives to traditional treatments.

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biofilm-associated infectionbone and joint infectionsimmunomodulatory therapieslocal antibiotic deliveryosteomyelitis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Bone infections (osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infections, fracture-related infections) pose significant clinical challenges.
  • Limited bone vascularization, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance complicate treatment.
  • Conventional therapies (surgery, systemic antibiotics) have limitations, driving interest in novel approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for bone infections.
  • To highlight advancements in local antibiotic delivery and immunomodulatory treatments.
  • To discuss the role of diagnostics and AI in personalized bone infection management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on bone infection treatments.
  • Analysis of local antibiotic delivery systems (e.g., PMMA, hydrogels, nanoparticles).
  • Exploration of immunomodulatory strategies (e.g., stem cells, bacteriophages) and advanced diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Local antibiotic delivery systems achieve high concentrations at infection sites with reduced systemic exposure.
  • Immunomodulatory therapies and non-antibiotic antimicrobials show potential for infection control and bone regeneration.
  • Biomarker profiling, molecular diagnostics, and AI aid personalized treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Innovative local delivery systems and immunotherapies offer promising adjunctive and alternative treatments for bone infections.
  • Personalized medicine approaches, supported by advanced diagnostics and AI, are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.
  • Overcoming clinical translation challenges requires integrated and innovative therapeutic strategies.