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Direct-Write Printed Epoxy Composites with Layered Gradient Structure: Shape Memory and Electromagnetic Shielding

Junyao Zhou1, Xianglong Zhu1, Pan Deng1

  • 1Zhejiang-Italy Joint Lab for Smart Materials and Advanced Structures, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.

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|February 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed intelligent electromagnetic shielding composites using direct ink writing. The gradient-structured material significantly reduced reflection (39.1%) and offered excellent shape memory, addressing electromagnetic pollution and material recycling challenges.

Keywords:
direct-ink-printingelectromagnetic shieldingepoxy resingradient structureshape memory

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electromagnetism
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Growing problem of electromagnetic pollution necessitates advanced shielding solutions.
  • Intelligent, multifunctional electromagnetic shielding materials are crucial for modern electronic devices.
  • Existing materials often suffer from high reflectivity, causing secondary electromagnetic pollution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate an intelligent, low-reflection, high-absorption electromagnetic shielding composite.
  • To utilize direct ink writing for precise control over material structure and properties.
  • To investigate the electromagnetic shielding performance and shape memory behavior of fabricated composites.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of epoxy resin (EP) based composites with nickel powder (Ni), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and silver powder (Ag) fillers.
  • Utilized direct ink printing to create uniformly structured and layered gradient-structured composites.
  • Characterized microstructure, electrical, magnetic, dielectric properties, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE).

Main Results:

  • Gradient-structured composites exhibited controlled electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability gradients.
  • Layered gradient-structured composite achieved 17.74 dB total shielding effectiveness (SE_T) and reduced reflection coefficient (R) by 39.1% (R=0.53).
  • Composites demonstrated excellent shape memory properties (Rf > 92%, Rr > 92%) after deformation under DC voltage.

Conclusions:

  • Direct ink writing enables the fabrication of multifunctional electromagnetic shielding composites with tailored properties.
  • The gradient structure effectively reduces electromagnetic wave reflection, mitigating secondary pollution.
  • Shape memory capability enhances applicability for conformal coating and material recycling, paving the way for next-generation shielding materials.