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A Wideband Water-Based 3D-Printed Reflect-Transmit Antenna Array Toward mmWave Positioning Applications.

Fahad Ahmed1, Farooq Faisal1, Noureddine Melouki1

  • 1Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Montreal, QC J3X 1P7, Canada.

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|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a water-based reflect-transmit antenna (WBRTA) array for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) systems. This novel antenna design enables simultaneous beam splitting and tilting in both reflection and transmission modes.

Keywords:
3D-printed antennasbidirectional antennasmillimeter-wave antennaspositioning and sensingtransmit–reflect arraywater-based dielectric

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics and Antenna Engineering
  • Materials Science for RF Applications

Background:

  • Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) systems require advanced antenna solutions for efficient beam manipulation.
  • Existing antenna designs often face limitations in achieving simultaneous reflection and transmission functionalities with wide bandwidths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and characterize a novel water-based reflect-transmit antenna (WBRTA) array for mm-wave applications.
  • To demonstrate the capability of the WBRTA for simultaneous beam splitting and tilting in both reflection and transmission modes.

Main Methods:

  • The WBRTA array utilizes a hybrid design combining low-permittivity polylactic acid (PLA) and high-permittivity water-based unit cells.
  • The distinct dielectric properties of PLA and water enable tailored transmission and reflection characteristics.
  • Simulations and analysis were performed to evaluate beam splitting, beam tilting, gain, sidelobe levels, and cross-polarization.

Main Results:

  • The WBRTA achieved simultaneous beam splitting in reflection and transmission over a wide bandwidth.
  • Beam tilting up to 45° was demonstrated in both reflection and transmission modes.
  • Peak gains of 25.2 dBi (transmission) and 24 dBi (reflection) were recorded, with low sidelobe levels (-22 dB and -17 dB, respectively) and high polarization purity (x-pol < -81 dB).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed WBRTA is a promising antenna structure for mm-wave applications requiring versatile beam control.
  • Its wide bandwidth, low sidelobe levels, and high polarization purity make it suitable for positioning-oriented sensing functions in future wireless systems.