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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Introduction to Fibroblasts01:09

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Rudolph Virchow discovered spindle-shaped cells called fibroblasts in 1858. Inactive fibroblasts, called fibrocytes, become activated by various stimuli, such as growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Activated fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing, inflammation, formation of new blood vessels, and cancer progression. Uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts results in fibrosis, the excess deposition of fibrous tissue, which can lead to scarring and affect normal organs. This...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Reticular Dermis01:15

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Murine Dermal Fibroblast Isolation by FACS
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Dermal Fibroblasts, Not Keratinocytes, Dominate IL-17A/TNF-Driven Inflammation.

Lejla Svraka1,2, Hakim Ben Abdallah1,2, Trine Bertelsen1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Experimental Dermatology
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dermal fibroblasts, often overlooked in skin inflammation, show a stronger inflammatory response than keratinocytes to cytokines like TNF and IL-17A. This highlights fibroblasts as key players and potential therapeutic targets in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Keywords:
TNFR2 signallingbulk RNA sequencinghidradenitis suppurativain vitropsoriasis

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Isolation of Papillary and Reticular Fibroblasts from Human Skin by Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chronic inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa involve cytokines such as IL-17A and TNF.
  • Biologics targeting these cytokines have improved treatment, but the roles of specific skin cells, particularly dermal fibroblasts, are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the transcriptional responses of human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes to IL-17A and TNF stimulation.
  • To investigate the differential contributions of these cell types to inflammatory skin conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Primary human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes were stimulated in vitro with IL-17A, TNF, or both.
  • Bulk RNA sequencing and Western blotting were employed to analyze transcriptional and protein-level changes.

Main Results:

  • Dermal fibroblasts exhibited a more robust and broader pro-inflammatory response compared to keratinocytes, especially upon TNF and combined TNF/IL-17A stimulation.
  • Fibroblasts showed significant upregulation of immune signaling, chemotaxis pathways, and chemokine genes (CCL20, CXCL8, IL6).
  • Keratinocytes primarily upregulated genes related to epithelial differentiation and barrier function (IL36G, S100A7A, DEFB4A).
  • Higher TNF sensitivity and TNFR2 expression in fibroblasts suggest a mechanism for amplified inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Dermal fibroblasts are active contributors to inflammation in TNF- and Th17-driven skin diseases, challenging the traditional keratinocyte-centric view.
  • Fibroblasts represent a potential therapeutic target for managing chronic inflammatory skin conditions.