Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

20.6K
The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
20.6K
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

776
Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
776
The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

163.5K
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
163.5K
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

169.9K
After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
169.9K
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

114.2K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
114.2K
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

11.5K
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
11.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Techno-Economic Analysis of a Three-Compartment CO<sub>2</sub> Electrolyzer for Formic Acid Production.

ChemSusChem·2026
Same author

Prototype Validation of a Large-Scale CO<sub>2</sub>-to-Formate Zero-Gap Electrolyzer.

ChemSusChem·2025
Same author

GDE Stability in CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction to Formate: The Role of Ionomer Type and Loading.

ACS catalysis·2025
Same author

Gold-Indium Electrocatalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Glycerol Coupled with CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction.

ChemSusChem·2025
Same author

The Relevance of Life Cycle Assessment Tools in the Development of Emerging Decarbonization Technologies.

JACS Au·2023
Same author

Decarbonization of Power and Industrial Sectors: The Role of Membrane Processes.

Membranes·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
10:15

Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

Published on: November 7, 2025

983

CO2 Electroreduction to Formate: Advancing toward Scalable Technologies.

Jose Antonio Abarca1, Guillermo Díaz-Sainz1, Ángel Irabien1

  • 1Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.

ACS Applied Energy Materials
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Scaling up carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction to formate requires advanced electrode and reactor designs. Optimizing flow cells and stacked designs is key for efficient, stable industrial production.

Keywords:
CO2 electroreductionElectrolyzer engineeringFormate productionGDEMEAScale-up challenges

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

19.2K
CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
07:08

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

Published on: June 12, 2019

7.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
10:15

Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

Published on: November 7, 2025

983
Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

19.2K
CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
07:08

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

Published on: June 12, 2019

7.5K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Scaling up CO2 electroreduction to formate presents significant challenges in electrode design and reactor configuration.
  • Current technologies like gas diffusion electrodes and membrane electrode assemblies show promise for high CO2 transport but face long-term stability issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review critical factors for scaling up CO2 electroreduction to formate.
  • To identify key areas for optimization in electrode design and reactor engineering for industrial applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gas diffusion electrodes and membrane electrode assemblies for CO2 transport and stability.
  • Evaluation of flow cell and H-type cell configurations for scalability and operational efficiency.
  • Consideration of large-scale system requirements, including CO2 distribution and pressure balance.
  • Review of stacked cell designs for increasing electrolyzer surface area.

Main Results:

  • Flow cells demonstrate superior scalability and continuous operation compared to H-type cells, enhancing mass transfer.
  • Uniform CO2 distribution and pressure balance are crucial in large systems to maintain performance.
  • Stacked cell designs are a viable strategy for increasing the overall surface area of electrolyzers.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing electrode durability and reactor engineering challenges is paramount for the industrial implementation of CO2 electroreduction to formate.
  • Optimized electrode design and reactor configuration, particularly utilizing flow cells and stacked architectures, are essential for efficient scale-up.