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Red Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Gene and RNA Therapeutics: Biological, Engineering, and
Tayyab Shafiq1,2,3, Nawaz Khan1,2,3, Tehreem Kausar1,2,3
1School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
International Journal of Nanomedicine
|February 27, 2026
Summary
Red blood cell extracellular vesicles (RBC-EVs) offer a promising, low-immunogenicity platform for gene therapy delivery. Innovations in RBC-EVs enhance precision for treating genetic diseases, inflammation, and cancer.
Area of Science:
- Biotechnology
- Gene Therapy
- Nanomedicine
Background:
- Gene therapy faces clinical hurdles due to immunogenicity and poor targeting.
- Current delivery methods can cause systemic toxicity and adverse effects.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advancements in using red blood cell extracellular vesicles (RBC-EVs) for mRNA and CRISPR-Cas delivery.
- To highlight RBC-EVs as a next-generation platform for precision medicine.
Main Methods:
- Encapsulation of mRNA and CRISPR-Cas components within RBC-EVs.
- Incorporation of stimulus-sensitive release and tissue-selective targeting strategies.
- Review of recent developments and potential applications of RBC-EVs.
Main Results:
- RBC-EVs demonstrate biocompatibility, stability, and low immunogenicity.
- RBC-EVs enable precise, time- and space-specific delivery of therapeutic cargo.
- Enhanced RBC-EVs can overcome limitations of current gene therapy vectors.
Conclusions:
- RBC-EVs present a powerful delivery platform for mRNA and CRISPR-Cas agents.
- These vesicles offer immune evasion, scalability, and universal loading capacity.
- RBC-EVs hold significant potential to advance precision medicine and gene therapy applications.
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