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Related Concept Videos

Ovaries01:26

Ovaries

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The ovaries are roughly the size of almonds and measure approximately 2 to 3 centimeters in length. These paired structures are situated within the pelvic region and are anchored by the mesovarium—a peritoneal extension that also connects them to the wider structure of the broad ligament. The support system extends to the suspensory ligament, housing blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the ovarian ligament tethers the ovaries to the uterus.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
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Endometriomas are heterogeneous for functional FSH receptor expression and steroidogenic function.

Can Benlioglu1,2, Yashar Esmaeilian1, Sevgi Yusufoglu1

  • 1Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Molecular Human Reproduction
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ovarian endometriomas show varied expression of functional FSH receptors and steroidogenic enzymes. This heterogeneity in FSH response and hormone production may explain differing lesion behaviors.

Keywords:
CYP19A1 transcript variantsFSH receptorFSH responsivenessaromataseendometriomaendometriosisexplant culturesteroidogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gynecologic Pathology

Background:

  • Ovarian endometriomas are common gynecologic lesions.
  • The role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in endometrioma pathogenesis is not fully understood.
  • FSH signaling may influence steroidogenesis within endometriomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and functionality of FSH receptors (FSHR) in ovarian endometriomas.
  • To assess the response of endometriomas to FSH, specifically regarding aromatase and steroid hormone production.
  • To characterize the heterogeneity of FSHR and steroidogenic pathways in endometriomas.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of endometrioma cyst capsules from 18 patients.
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry for FSHR and steroidogenic enzymes.
  • Explant cultures treated with FSH to measure CYP19A1 (aromatase) transcript variants and hormone output (estradiol, progesterone).

Main Results:

  • FSHR transcripts were detected in all endometriomas, but protein levels were low and variable, showing mRNA-protein uncoupling.
  • FSH stimulation did not uniformly induce aromatase transcript variants or consistently increase estradiol production.
  • Significant inter-patient heterogeneity was observed in steroidogenic enzyme expression (StAR, CYP11A1, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD) and hormone output.

Conclusions:

  • Ovarian endometriomas display significant heterogeneity in functional FSHR expression and steroidogenic capacity.
  • FSH responsiveness in endometriomas is variable, with inconsistent activation of aromatase pathways and hormone production.
  • This heterogeneity may contribute to the variable clinical behavior of endometriomas, particularly during ovarian stimulation.