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Jackals among wolves: balancing between competition and tolerance.

Theodoros Kominos1, Antonia Galanaki1, Theodoros Naziridis2

  • 1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia54124, Greece.

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Abundant carrion in Greece alters predator dynamics, allowing golden jackals (Canis aureus) and grey wolves (Canis lupus) to coexist more frequently. Resource availability reduces competition, fostering tolerance between these species.

Keywords:
behaviourcanidscompetitionfood theftkleptoparasitismpredationscavengingsuperfoodtolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Wildlife Biology
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Predator community structure is influenced by interspecific competition.
  • Carrion availability can significantly modify predator interactions and social dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interactions between grey wolves (Canis lupus) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in resource-rich environments.
  • To understand how carrion abundance affects competition and coexistence between apex predators and mesocarnivores.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized unmanned aerial vehicles with thermal imaging for wildlife observation.
  • Employed handheld thermal cameras and camera traps for extensive species sighting data.
  • Recorded nearly 1100 wolf and over 9000 jackal sightings across study landscapes.

Main Results:

  • Golden jackals exhibited increased feeding and resting near abundant carrion, with larger carcasses prolonging interactions.
  • Jackal group size positively correlated with carcass biomass, influenced by season, enhancing joint feeding.
  • Wolves were mostly solitary when feeding with jackals, while jackals formed groups, suggesting reduced risk and increased feeding opportunities.

Conclusions:

  • Ample food supply, particularly large carcasses, reduces direct competition and promotes greater tolerance between wolves and jackals.
  • Resource abundance can challenge rigid predator hierarchies, facilitating coexistence.
  • Effective wildlife management strategies are crucial in environments with high food availability to balance predator interactions.