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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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Design principles for topological thermoelectrics.

Brian Skinner1, Poulomi Chakraborty1, Joshua Scales1

  • 1Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.

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|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topological materials offer unique properties to overcome limitations in conventional thermoelectric materials. This study explores their potential for high-efficiency thermoelectric devices, identifying promising new materials.

Keywords:
Nernst effectSeebeck effectWeyl semimetalsanomalous Hall effectthermopowertopological materials

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Conventional metals, insulators, and semimetals face inherent limitations in thermoelectric performance.
  • Topological materials possess unique characteristics that can potentially overcome these constraints.
  • Topological semimetals, including Weyl and nodal-line types, are of particular interest for advanced thermoelectric applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the thermoelectric performance of topological materials, with a focus on nodal semimetals.
  • To discuss how topological features enhance thermoelectric properties beyond conventional material limits.
  • To identify optimal design principles for maximizing thermoelectric efficiency in topological materials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of thermoelectric properties in topological materials, specifically nodal semimetals.
  • Analysis of unique topological features: protected band touching points, degenerate Landau levels, and Berry curvature.
  • Development and application of optimal design principles for high thermoelectric figure of merit (zT).
  • High-throughput database search for promising topological semimetals using established design principles.

Main Results:

  • Topological features enable thermoelectric properties superior to conventional materials, especially under magnetic fields.
  • Identified optimal design principles for maximizing thermoelectric efficiency in various topological material classes.
  • A database search revealed twelve new promising topological semimetals for thermoelectric applications.
  • Confirmed known materials with significant magnetothermoelectric effects.

Conclusions:

  • Topological semimetals present a promising avenue for developing next-generation thermoelectric devices with unprecedented efficiency.
  • The identified design principles and newly discovered materials pave the way for experimental advancements in magnetothermoelectrics.
  • Further research into these materials could lead to breakthroughs in energy harvesting and conversion technologies.