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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

1.5K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

1.6K
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
1.6K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

2.3K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.6K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.6K
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

6.9K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
6.9K

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Multiple Longitudinal Tracts in the Cephalopod Arm Sensorimotor System.

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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
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Assessing Local Anesthesia in Octopus bimaculoides to Provide Analgesia.

Joanna N Copio1, Natalie G Schulz2, Clifton W Ragsdale2

  • 11Animal Resources Center and Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Effective pain management for octopuses is crucial but unstudied. Lidocaine and bupivacaine injections did not provide analgesia in octopus arm regeneration, indicating a need for new pain relief methods in cephalopod research.

Keywords:
ANC, axial nerve cordASW, artificial seawaterR2, second right armfASW, filtered artificial seawater

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Cephalopod Research
  • Animal Welfare

Background:

  • Cephalopod research is expanding, yet effective pain management and analgesia for these invertebrates are lacking.
  • No current US federal regulations address pain relief in cephalopods.
  • Octopus bimaculoides are increasingly used in research, necessitating ethical considerations for pain management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and extended-release bupivacaine for analgesia in Octopus bimaculoides.
  • To assess potential adverse effects, practicality, and histopathologic outcomes of local anesthetic administration.
  • To investigate the impact of these anesthetics on pain perception, health indicators, and arm regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-phase study involving juvenile Octopus bimaculoides undergoing arm regeneration.
  • Phase I: Pilot assessment of drug administration effects (n=49).
  • Phase II: Efficacy testing using behavioral metrics (posture, gait, allodynia), health monitoring, and wound healing assessment (n=34).

Main Results:

  • All animals showed transient, statistically significant changes in arm posture and gait immediately postsurgery, resolving within 72 hours.
  • No significant differences in health indicators (weight change, respiratory rate) or wound healing/arm regeneration were observed among treatment groups.
  • Local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine) failed to demonstrate efficacy in providing analgesia for octopus arm regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Current local anesthetic protocols are ineffective for managing pain in octopus research models.
  • The study highlights a critical gap in cephalopod analgesia, emphasizing the need for developing alternative pain management strategies.
  • Further research into novel analgesic regimes is essential for the ethical advancement of cephalopod research.