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Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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The Electrical Double Layer01:30

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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A highly utilized and practical lithium-sulfur positive electrode enabled in all-solid-state batteries.

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Researchers developed advanced all-solid-state batteries using sulfur cathodes. Novel interphases and particle size control boost energy density and cycle life for practical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • All-solid-state batteries with sulfur cathodes promise high energy density and cost-effectiveness.
  • Current limitations include low active material utilization and poor cycle life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design high-performance sulfur-based all-solid-state batteries.
  • To overcome challenges in active material utilization and cycling stability.

Main Methods:

  • Employed sulfide solid-state electrolytes with a high-energy synthesis approach to create a protective interphase.
  • Optimized active material particle size to the micron scale.
  • Investigated electrode structural behavior and mechanical stress mitigation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high active material utilization and added capacity through the novel interphase.
  • Demonstrated improved rate performance and cycling stability with micron-sized particles.
  • Reached sulfur areal capacities of 11 mAh cm⁻² at 25°C.
  • Successfully operated an anode-free pouch cell under low stack pressure (10 MPa).

Conclusions:

  • The developed electrode design strategies enable high-specific-energy all-solid-state batteries.
  • Mitigation of mechanical stress through volume change compensation is crucial.
  • Practical design principles pave the way for next-generation energy storage solutions.