The influence of oral health on sports performance: an interdisciplinary perspective

Sports performance is a multifactorial concept determined by the interplay of physical, technical, tactical, and psychological factors. While its measurement is straightforward in metrical sports (e.g., athletics or swimming), it is more complex in team or aesthetic disciplines. In recent years, the role of oral health has gained attention as a potentially modifiable factor influencing athletic performance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how sports performance is defined and measured - particularly in explosive and endurance sports - and explores the impact of oral health on performance outcomes. Evidence from systematic reviews and observational studies shows consistent associations between poor oral health (e.g., periodontal disease, caries, malocclusion) and reduced objective performance metrics such as V̇O₂ max, power output, speed, and agility, as well as self-reported reductions in training capacity and competitive performance. Potential mechanisms include systemic inflammation, impaired nutrition, altered microbiomes, psychological burden, and altered sensorimotor control. These pathways highlight the relevance of oral health in both recovery and performance optimisation. Future research in sports dentistry should adopt an interdisciplinary approach, using validated outcome measures, clearly defined athlete populations, and co-produced study designs involving athletes and support teams to enhance relevance and generalisability.