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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Understanding atrial failure: from diagnosis to clinical implications.

Bryce Alexander1, Eugene Braunwald2,3, Antoni Bayés-de-Luna4

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Cardiology
|February 27, 2026
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Atrial failure, a clinical syndrome from atrial cardiomyopathy, impairs heart function, causing symptoms and poor outcomes. Understanding its mechanisms and treatments is crucial for cardiovascular health.

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Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Heart Failure Research
  • Atrial Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Atrial cardiomyopathy involves structural, functional, or electrical abnormalities of the atria.
  • Atrial failure is the clinical manifestation of atrial cardiomyopathy, leading to symptoms or adverse outcomes.
  • It can be primary (intrinsic atrial disease) or secondary (due to ventricular, valvular, or systemic issues).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and clinical phenotypes of atrial failure.
  • To highlight the role of multimodality imaging in diagnosing atrial cardiomyopathy and failure.
  • To summarize emerging therapies and future clinical integration strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of clinical phenotypes associated with atrial failure.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic imaging modalities.
  • Synthesis of current and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Atrial failure is a key determinant of prognosis in cardiovascular conditions.
  • It can drive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and promote atrial arrhythmias.
  • It may increase thromboembolic risk independently of atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions:

  • Atrial failure is an emerging clinical syndrome with significant implications for cardiovascular disease.
  • Multimodality imaging is vital for diagnosis and phenotyping.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting atrial remodeling are under development for clinical integration.