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Optimization of split-ring resonator slots using levy-opposition-enhanced Newton Raphson method for high-gain UWB

Hüseyin Özmen1,2, Davut Izci3,4, Rizk M Rizk-Allah5

  • 1Engineering Faculty Electrical - Electronics Engineering, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.

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|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new optimization algorithm, Lévy-opposition-enhanced Newton-Raphson-based optimization (NRBO-LO), enhances ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna design. This hybrid approach improves antenna gain and bandwidth for applications in radar and wireless communications.

Keywords:
Based optimization (NRBO)Lévy-opposition-enhanced NRBONewton–RaphsonOptimizationSplit-ring resonatorUltra-wideband (UWB) Vivaldi antenna

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics and Antenna Design
  • Computational Intelligence and Optimization Algorithms
  • Metamaterials and Microwave Engineering

Background:

  • Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas are crucial for high-data-rate communication, radar, and imaging.
  • Optimizing UWB antenna parameters for high gain and wide bandwidth, especially in compact designs, remains challenging.
  • Existing optimization algorithms may suffer from premature convergence, limiting their effectiveness in complex design spaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel hybrid metaheuristic optimization algorithm, Lévy-opposition-enhanced Newton-Raphson-based optimization (NRBO-LO).
  • To apply NRBO-LO for optimizing the design of a high-gain, compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna with split-ring resonator (SRR) slots.
  • To validate the algorithm's performance against benchmark functions and demonstrate its superiority in antenna design.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the NRBO-LO algorithm, integrating random opposition learning and Lévy flight-based guided learning.
  • Rigorous evaluation of NRBO-LO using unimodal, multimodal, and composite benchmark functions.
  • Co-simulation of MATLAB and CST software to optimize geometrical parameters of SRR slots in an antipodal Vivaldi antenna.

Main Results:

  • NRBO-LO demonstrated superior convergence accuracy, robustness, and stability on benchmark functions compared to existing algorithms.
  • The optimized UWB antipodal Vivaldi antenna achieved a continuous impedance bandwidth covering 3.1-10.6 GHz (entire UWB range).
  • The optimized antenna achieved a maximum realized gain of 9.2 dB, with average and peak efficiencies of 75% and 91%, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • The NRBO-LO algorithm effectively mitigates premature convergence and enhances optimization performance.
  • The integration of NRBO-LO with metamaterial-inspired SRR slots provides a practical approach for designing high-performance UWB Vivaldi antennas.
  • The optimized antenna is suitable for demanding applications including radar, microwave imaging, and advanced wireless communication systems.