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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

9.8K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

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Genetic Material01:20

Genetic Material

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Within the human body, a complex and detailed system of trillions of cells works in unison to sustain life. Each cell houses a nucleus, which contains 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs. Chromosomes are highly coiled structures made of the genetic material DNA. These chromosomes are essential carriers of genetic information, with half inherited from the mother through her egg and the other half from the father's sperm, combining to create the unique genetic makeup of an individual.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy
11:53

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

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Evolvoid: a genetic algorithm for shaping optimal cellular constructs.

Piera Mancini1, Flavio Fontana1,2, Ermes Botte1,2

  • 1Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122, Pisa, Italy.

Journal of Biological Engineering
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolvoid, a novel computational pipeline, uses genetic algorithms to create virtual 3D cell constructs. This cost-effective, in silico method optimizes cellular models for drug discovery and biological research.

Keywords:
3D cellular constructsDigital twinsGenetic algorithmsIn silico models

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Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER
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Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Accurate cellular models are crucial for tissue function and drug discovery.
  • Current in vitro models (spheroids, organoids) are expensive, low-throughput, and lack reproducibility.
  • Evolvoid is a computational pipeline using genetic algorithms to generate virtual 3D cell constructs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective and reproducible method for designing 3D cellular models.
  • To optimize virtual cell construct morphologies by simulating biophysical principles.
  • To reduce reliance on in vitro and animal models in research.

Main Methods:

  • Integrates finite element simulations with evolutionary principles.
  • Employs genetic algorithms to evolve populations of random shapes.
  • Utilizes a fitness function based on surface energy minimization and cell viability under oxygen gradients.

Main Results:

  • Evolvoid generates virtual 3D spheroid-like constructs with optimized morphologies.
  • Fitness function incorporates thermodynamic principles, nutrient transport, and cell uptake.
  • Evolved individuals exhibit shapes and sizes similar to in vitro spheroids.
  • Shannon entropy tracks increasing genome complexity consistent with evolutionary dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Evolvoid is a modular, scalable, and tunable platform for in silico design of 3D cellular models.
  • Enables the creation of high-fidelity digital twins of biological systems.
  • Supports advancements in lab-on-a-laptop technologies and New Approach Methodologies (NAMs).