Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
04:11

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection

Published on: December 15, 2023

4.9K

Prevalence, Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Hepatitis B Patients With Indeterminate Phase: A Systematic Review

Jie Li1,2, Xiaoming Xu3, Jiacheng Liu1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|February 28, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Nearly 40% of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients fall into an indeterminate phase, lacking defined immune classifications. These patients face risks for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related adverse outcomes, necessitating further research for tailored treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Current chronic hepatitis B (CHB) guidelines define distinct immune phases.
  • A significant proportion of CHB patients do not fit these classifications, existing in an 'indeterminate phase'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the prevalence, clinical presentation, and outcomes of CHB patients in the indeterminate phase.
  • To analyze indeterminate CHB patients based on the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) 2018 and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) 2017 guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis was conducted, searching four databases from inception to August 21, 2024.
  • Fifty studies reporting on indeterminate CHB patients according to AASLD 2018 or EASL 2017 guidelines were included in the analysis.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of indeterminate CHB patients was approximately 38.9% by AASLD 2018 guidelines and 38.8% by EASL 2017 guidelines.
  • The pooled incidence rate for hepatocellular carcinoma in indeterminate CHB patients was around 5.3 per 1000 person-years, and for liver-related events, it was approximately 7.3-9.8 per 1000 person-years, depending on the guideline used.

Conclusions:

  • The indeterminate phase affects nearly 40% of CHB patients.
  • These patients are at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and adverse liver-related outcomes.
  • Further research is crucial to develop specific treatment strategies for indeterminate CHB patients.

Keywords:
hepatitis Bhepatocellular carcinomaindeterminate phasetreatment criteria

More Related Videos

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix10:37

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

3.5K
Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

18.9K

Related Concept Videos

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
244
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug01:14

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...
267
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
302
Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
1.5K
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
503
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
2.2K