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Adenovirus induces pediatric pneumonia via triggering macrophage polarization and IL-6 production via NF-κB

Xiaoping Yuan1, Haoying Huang2, Huifeng Fan3

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Child Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China.

Molecular Immunology
|February 28, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection in children drives M1 macrophage polarization, increasing IL-6 production via NF-κB signaling. This mechanism contributes to severe lung injury in HAdV pneumonia.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pediatric Respiratory Diseases

Background:

  • Pulmonary macrophages are key in antiviral defense and lung pathogenesis.
  • Macrophage polarization's role in adenovirus-induced lung injury is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of macrophage polarization in children with HAdV pneumonia.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HAdV-induced lung injury.

Main Methods:

  • Bulk RNA-sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells.
  • Flow cytometry analysis of macrophage populations.
  • In vitro infection of human macrophage cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Adenovirus infection upregulates genes linked to macrophage polarization.
  • Severe HAdV pneumonia cases show a higher proportion of M1 macrophages.
  • HAdV directly induces M1 polarization and IL-6 production via NF-κB activation in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • HAdV infection promotes M1 macrophage polarization and IL-6 release.
  • NF-κB signaling is a critical pathway in HAdV-driven inflammation and lung injury.
  • Understanding this mechanism offers insights into severe HAdV infection pathogenesis.
Keywords:
Adenovirus1Children5Interleukin-64Macrophage polarization3Pneumonia2

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