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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.7K
The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Quantum Data Centres: why entanglement changes everything.

Angela Sara Cacciapuoti1, Claudio Pellitteri1, Jessica Illiano1

  • 1University of Naples Federico II , Naples, Italy.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|February 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum data centers are crucial for building the Quantum Internet, enabling scalable distributed quantum computing by overcoming limitations of current devices. They offer a practical framework for future large-scale quantum networks.

Keywords:
QNattyNetentanglementquantum data centrequantum network

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Networking
  • Distributed Quantum Computing
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • The Quantum Internet is essential for advancing distributed quantum computing.
  • Scaling quantum computation requires overcoming limitations of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.
  • The Quantum Internet provides the foundation for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the physical and topological constraints of quantum data centers.
  • To highlight the role of entanglement orchestrators in network reconfiguration.
  • To explore the potential of interconnecting quantum data centers for large-scale quantum networks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of physical and topological constraints in quantum data centers.
  • Emphasis on the function of entanglement orchestrators for dynamic network topology.
  • Examination of quantum transduction as a key hardware challenge for interfacing quantum systems.

Main Results:

  • Quantum data centers are identified as the most viable distributed architecture in the medium term.
  • Entanglement orchestrators play a key role in reconfiguring network topologies.
  • Interconnecting quantum data centers presents a pathway to large-scale quantum networks.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum data centers offer a practical implementation platform and strategic framework for the future Quantum Internet.
  • Addressing challenges in entanglement routing and synchronization is critical for scaling.
  • Quantum transduction is essential for integrating heterogeneous quantum systems.