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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e
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Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e

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Codon-optimized base editors enable efficient base substitution in Atlantic salmon.

Jinhai Wang1, Jiaqi Wang2, Alexandra Florea2

  • 1The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.

Trends in Biotechnology
|February 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We optimized base editors (BEs) for Atlantic salmon using salmon-preferred codons, enhancing gene editing efficiency and reducing unintended edits in this non-model organism. This advancement expands the toolbox for salmon biotechnology.

Keywords:
Atlantic salmonCas9aquaculturebase editingdisease model

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Aquaculture Biotechnology

Background:

  • Base editors (BEs) are powerful gene-editing tools but face challenges in non-model organisms due to codon usage bias.
  • Existing BEs, like ABE8e and CBE4max-SpRY, are optimized for mammalian cells, limiting their efficacy in other species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer and validate codon-optimized base editors (ss-ABE8e and ss-CBE4max-SpRY) for enhanced gene editing in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
  • To assess the efficiency and specificity of these optimized editors compared to their mammalian-derived counterparts.

Main Methods:

  • Redesigned ABE8e and CBE4max-SpRY using Atlantic salmon preferred codons.
  • Validated performance using in vitro reporter assays in salmon cells.
  • Assessed in vivo editing efficiency via microinjection into fertilized salmon eggs.

Main Results:

  • Codon-optimized BEs (ss-ABE8e, ss-CBE4max-SpRY) demonstrated efficient base substitutions in vitro and in vivo in Atlantic salmon.
  • Engineered editors showed higher efficiency and lower bystander activity compared to original BEs.
  • mRNA-encoded BEs exhibited lower editing patterns than plasmid-encoded BEs, likely due to mRNA stability.
  • Successfully induced loss of protein function by mutating multiple loci to premature stop codons.

Conclusions:

  • Codon optimization significantly improves base editor efficiency and specificity in Atlantic salmon.
  • The developed salmon-specific base editors (ss-ABE8e, ss-CBE4max-SpRY) provide valuable tools for salmon gene editing and biotechnological applications.