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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

19.0K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.1K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
4.1K
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
19
Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

44.1K
Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

20.7K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Polyanion-stabilized amorphous halide electrolytes with low lithium content for all-solid-state lithium batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-state Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium halide solid electrolytes offer high ionic conductivity and electrode compatibility.
  • High lithium content (>4.3 wt%) is often required for optimal conductivity, increasing cost and air sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop amorphous halide electrolytes with reduced lithium content and enhanced air stability.
  • To investigate the structure-property relationships governing ion transport in these new electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of xLi2SO4-ZrCl4 amorphous electrolytes.
  • Neutron/synchrotron X-ray diffraction, first-principles calculations, and machine learning-accelerated molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Fabrication and testing of all-solid-state lithium batteries.

Main Results:

  • Optimal ionic conductivity of 1.5 mS cm-1 at 30 °C achieved with only 2.4 wt% lithium.
  • Disordered [ZraCl4a(SO4)]2- anion backbone facilitates fast Li-ion diffusion.
  • Batteries demonstrated 81.1% capacity retention after 1400 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Anion-cluster chemistry enables the design of advanced solid electrolytes with reduced lithium content and improved stability.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for developing next-generation solid-state batteries.
  • The findings bridge materials science innovation with practical energy storage solutions.