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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production
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Life cycle assessment of MSW-to-biofuel conversion pathways: a comparative analysis.

Rahul S Raj1, Siddharth Jain2, Amit Kumar Sharma3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, UPES, Dehradun-2, 48007, India.

Scientific Reports
|March 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Integrated gasification is the most sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) to biofuel pathway in India. This advanced thermochemical route offers significant environmental benefits over conventional methods for efficient waste management.

Keywords:
Global warming potentialLife cycle assessmentMunicipal solid wasteThermochemical conversionWaste to energy

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • India faces escalating municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, exceeding 160,000 tonnes daily, posing significant environmental challenges with conventional disposal methods.
  • There is a critical need for sustainable and efficient waste-to-biofuel solutions to mitigate the environmental burden of increasing MSW.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of seven distinct MSW-to-biofuel pathways.
  • To identify the most environmentally sustainable MSW management strategy for India.

Main Methods:

  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) following ISO 14040/44 guidelines, using 1 tonne of MSW as the functional unit.
  • Evaluation of environmental impacts across five midpoint categories: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Soil Oxygen Depletion (SOD), Freshwater Eutrophication Potential (FEP), Land Use (LU), and Water Consumption (WC).
  • Integration of experimental MSW characterization, national waste statistics, and sensitivity analysis for uncertainty assessment.

Main Results:

  • Integrated gasification (MIG) demonstrated superior sustainability compared to open landfilling, landfill gas recovery, incineration, torrefaction, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization.
  • MIG achieved a significant avoided Global Warming Potential (GWP) of -1095 kg CO2 eq, substantial water savings (-1125.61 m3), and the lowest land-use requirement (-32.39 m2·a).
  • Material Flow Analysis (MFA) confirmed MIG's enhanced mass-energy conversion efficiency, especially when integrated with recycling processes.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated gasification (MIG) is the most promising MSW-to-biofuel pathway for India, offering significant environmental advantages.
  • The study supports prioritizing advanced thermochemical routes like MIG for developing climate-resilient, resource-efficient, and circular MSW management systems.