Pilot-scale extraction of bioactive compounds from propolis by subcritical solvent extraction

This study optimized the extraction conditions of pilot-scale subcritical solvent extraction (SSE) to obtain bioactive compounds from propolis. 40% ethanol was determined to be the most effective solvent. Optimal extraction conditions were established by conducting extractions at varying temperatures and times using the optimal ethanol ratio. The optimal extraction conditions and concentrations are as follows: galangin (190 °C, 20 min); chrysin (190 °C, 10 min); total phenolic content (210 °C, 10 min); total flavonoid content (210 °C, 10 min). The highest antioxidant activities were observed at 210 °C for 15 min, and at 200 °C for 20 min. Compared to conventional methods, pilot-scale SSE minimizes ethanol usage, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative. Additionally, SSE enhances extraction efficiency while reducing processing time. These advantages contribute to industrial applications by promoting sustainable extraction practices and improving yield. Overall, SSE presents a promising method for propolis extraction, balancing efficiency and environmental benefits.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-025-02071-y.