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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Seed Oligomers Regulate Sequence Development through a Templating Effect in Simulated Irreversible Step-Growth

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Adding preformed seed chains to step-growth copolymerization influences final polymer sequences. This templating effect depends on seed properties, solvent viscosity, and reaction barriers, offering a route to improved sequence control.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Copolymer sequence dictates material properties, necessitating control over synthetic sequences.
  • Preformed seed templating is a promising strategy for sequence-controlled polymers.
  • Emergent self-templating effects arise from chain stiffness and interchain attractions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly investigate the templating effect of preformed seed chains in step-growth copolymerization.
  • To understand how seed characteristics influence sequence control.
  • To identify factors affecting reaction kinetics and microphase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of irreversible step-growth copolymerization.
  • Inclusion of preformed seed chains with varying properties.
  • Analysis of emergent microphase separation and reaction kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Addition of seed chains significantly influences final copolymer sequences.
  • Emergent microphase separation and reaction kinetics are affected by seed addition.
  • Final sequences are sensitive to seed sequence, length, stiffness, solvent viscosity, and reaction barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Preformed seed chains offer a viable method to enhance sequence control in step-growth copolymerization.
  • Understanding the interplay of seed properties and reaction conditions is crucial for optimizing templating.
  • This approach provides a potentially simple route to precisely engineered copolymer sequences.