Cardiovascular remodeling: key mechanisms and clinical implications linking sarcopenia and heart failure

Sarcopenia and heart failure (HF) are interconnected through a bidirectional relationship in which cardiovascular remodeling serves as a critical mediator. This review examines the shared pathophysiological mechanisms-such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance-that underlie both conditions. By integrating recent clinical and experimental evidence, we emphasize the role of cardiovascular remodeling in aggravating muscle loss in sarcopenia and cardiac dysfunction in HF. Furthermore, we discuss novel therapeutic targets directed at disrupting these common pathways. This analysis offers a unified framework for understanding the mechanistic links between sarcopenia and HF, with implications for future research and clinical strategies aimed at enhancing patient outcomes.