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Patient Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Kidney Transplant Information: Comparing ChatGPT With the
Hwarang Stephen Han1, Jihye Lee2
1Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Kidney Medicine
|March 2, 2026
Summary
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) preferred generative artificial intelligence (AI) responses over traditional resources for kidney transplant information. AI demonstrated higher perceived quality, empathy, and learning outcomes, enhancing patient education and engagement.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Patient Education
Background:
- Generative artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential for improving patient understanding of complex medical topics like kidney transplantation.
- Limited research exists on how individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) perceive AI-generated health information.
- This study addresses the gap by evaluating patient perceptions of AI responses compared to established health resources.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess patient perceptions of AI-generated responses for kidney transplant queries.
- To compare AI-generated information with content from a trusted health resource (National Kidney Foundation).
- To evaluate patient preferences, information quality, empathy, and learning outcomes.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 216 adults with CKD in the United States.
- Participants compared responses from ChatGPT (GPT-4o) and the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) to kidney transplant questions, without source attribution.
- Mixed-effect models were used to analyze perceptions of overall preference, information quality, empathy, and learning outcomes.
Main Results:
- Participants overwhelmingly preferred ChatGPT-generated responses over NKF's (81.3% of comparisons, P < 0.001).
- ChatGPT responses were rated significantly higher for information quality, empathy, and perceived learning outcomes (all P < 0.001).
- These findings suggest AI's potential to enhance patient comprehension and engagement in transplant information.
Conclusions:
- Generative AI platforms can present kidney transplant information in patient-centered ways, potentially improving education and engagement.
- While promising, the integration of AI in healthcare requires careful human oversight due to its early developmental stage.
- Further research is needed to explore specific AI features influencing patient preference and to ensure representation across diverse patient populations.
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