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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

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Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
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20.5K
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

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Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Halogen-ion-driven polymorphs for high-performance nonlinear optical crystalline materials.

Yuwei Kang1,2, Can Yang1, Yunjie Wang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China wuqi2011@whu.edu.cn.

Chemical Science
|March 2, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Designing noncentrosymmetric (NCS) materials for nonlinear optics (NLO) is difficult. This study uses a halogen-driven approach to create NCS structures with enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Optics

Background:

  • Noncentrosymmetric (NCS) crystalline materials are crucial for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.
  • Designing NCS materials is challenging due to the thermodynamic preference for centrosymmetric structures.
  • Developing new strategies for NCS material synthesis is vital for advancing NLO technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a halogen-driven strategy for synthesizing NCS materials.
  • To investigate the influence of halogen substitution on crystal structure and NLO properties.
  • To achieve enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency in Sn-based hybrid materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing competitive coordination between halide anions and stereochemically active Sn2+ centers.
  • Employing precise halogen substitution via different halide sources ([N(C2H5)4]Cl or [N(C2H5)4]Br).
  • Synthesizing two new polymorphs of [N(C2H5)4]SnBr3 (Cc and Cmc21 phases).
  • Characterizing the NLO properties, specifically SHG efficiency, of the synthesized materials.
  • Performing theoretical calculations to understand the origin of the SHG response.

Main Results:

  • Two new NCS polymorphs, Cc and Cmc21 phases of [N(C2H5)4]SnBr3, were successfully synthesized.
  • The Cmc21 phase exhibited a significantly enhanced SHG efficiency (5.6 × KH2PO4), outperforming the Cc phase (2 × KH2PO4).
  • The observed SHG performance is among the highest reported for Sn-based organic-inorganic hybrid NLO materials.
  • Theoretical calculations identified the [SnBr3]- unit as the primary contributor to the strong SHG response.

Conclusions:

  • Halogen-driven symmetry control is a viable and effective strategy for designing NCS materials.
  • This approach enables the rational design of materials with dramatically enhanced SHG responses.
  • The findings provide valuable insights and a reference for developing high-performance NLO materials.