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Transboundary Animal Diseases Associated With Cross-Border Camel Movement. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Alex A Adikwu1,2,3, Theophilus I Emeto1,4,5, Paul F Horwood3,4,6

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Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) pose a significant One Health risk, especially in camels traded across borders in the Middle East and Africa. Harmonized surveillance and control are crucial to mitigate zoonotic TADs spread.

Keywords:
camelcross-borderdiseasesmeta-analysisprevalencetransboundaryzoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Epidemiology
  • One Health
  • Zoonotic Disease Research

Background:

  • Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) significantly impact livestock, public health, and economies.
  • Camels are key vectors for TADs in cross-border trade, particularly in the Middle East and Africa, heightening One Health risks due to zoonotic potential.
  • Rapid spread across national boundaries necessitates focused review and strategy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on TADs affecting camels involved in cross-border movement.
  • To identify geographical trends and research gaps in zoonotic TADs.
  • To inform enhanced surveillance and control strategies for TADs.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across major scientific databases (Ovid Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane).
  • Quality and bias assessment of eligible studies using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tools.
  • Meta-analysis of pooled prevalence estimates for TADs using random-effects models, with subgroup and meta-regression analyses.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen zoonotic TADs were identified across 45 eligible articles.
  • Prevalence data highlighted Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) at 34% and Rift Valley fever (RVF) at 15%.
  • Cross-border camel movements, informal trade, and pastoralism exacerbate TAD transnational spread.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-border camel movements are significant drivers for the transnational spread of zoonotic TADs.
  • Urgent need for harmonized surveillance and control strategies to mitigate zoonotic TADs spread via camel trade.
  • Strengthening cross-border surveillance, standardizing diagnostics, and integrating One Health data are critical for regional disease threat mitigation.