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Assessing Internal States In Children With Neuromuscular Disorders Through An Oral Narrative Task.

Paola Cristofani¹, Costanza Ruffini², Bianca Buchignani^1,3

¹Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy.

Clinical Neuropsychiatry

|March 2, 2026

Summary

Children with neuromuscular disorders (NMD) use storytelling to express emotions, focusing on bodily and social experiences. This research validates oral narratives as a tool for understanding their socio-emotional development.

Keywords:

children narratives neuromuscular disorders psychological lexicon socio-emotional states

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Developmental Psychology
Linguistics

Background:

Neuromuscular disorders (NMD) present significant motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional challenges.
Socio-emotional functioning in children with NMD is an understudied area, despite its impact on overall well-being.
Existing research primarily focuses on the physical and cognitive effects of NMD.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility of using invented oral stories to explore internal state language in children with NMD.
To compare the narrative abilities of children with NMD to those of typically developing peers.
To investigate how children with NMD express their socio-emotional experiences through storytelling.

Main Methods:

Forty children aged 5-12 participated (20 with NMD, 20 typically developing).
Participants spontaneously narrated fictional stories.
Narratives were analyzed for structural elements, cohesion, and the use of psychological lexicon (words expressing internal states).

Main Results:

No significant differences were found in narrative structure or cohesion between the groups, confirming storytelling's feasibility.
Children with NMD utilized more physiological and socio-relational terms in their narratives.
This suggests a focus on bodily sensations and social interactions as coping mechanisms in children with NMD.

Conclusions:

Oral storytelling is a viable method for assessing socio-emotional development in children with NMD.
Narrative-based interventions can be developed to support socio-emotional growth in this population.
Understanding the unique linguistic expressions of children with NMD offers insights into their lived experiences.