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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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The phylum Chlamydiae or Chlamydiota is composed of a single order, Chlamydiales. This phylum consists entirely of obligate intracellular parasites that infect eukaryotic hosts. While human pathogens within this group have been studied extensively, the phylum encompasses many species capable of interacting with various eukaryotic organisms. Members of Chlamydiae are typically small cocci, approximately 0.5 μm in diameter, and exhibit a distinctive developmental cycle. As is characteristic...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

In Vitro Drug Screening Against All Life Cycle Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi Using Parasites Expressing β-galactosidase
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Chagas Disease: An Opportunistic Infection in AIDS.

Katarina Popovic1, Andrés F Henao-Martínez2, Long Q Ngo3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

Current Infectious Disease Reports
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chagas disease (T. cruzi) is an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Early diagnosis, prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs and antiretrovirals, and monitoring are key to reducing mortality in coinfected individuals.

Keywords:
AIDSChagas diseaseHuman immunodeficiency virusOpportunistic infectionReactivation diseaseTrypanosoma cruzi

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is increasingly recognized as an opportunistic infection in individuals with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
  • Global migration patterns have led to a rise in HIV/T. cruzi coinfection in non-endemic areas, necessitating a better understanding of the disease's impact in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of Chagas disease as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.
  • To identify critical gaps in current medical literature.
  • To outline priorities for future clinical research in HIV/T. cruzi coinfection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Chagas disease in AIDS patients.
  • Analysis of diagnostic advancements, including molecular and antigen-based tests.
  • Evaluation of treatment strategies, including antitrypanosomal agents and antiretroviral therapy.

Main Results:

  • Novel diagnostic tools such as T. cruzi loop-mediated isothermal amplification and urine antigen tests show promise for early detection.
  • Quantitative PCR is valuable for monitoring reactivation and treatment response in people living with AIDS.
  • Antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces the risk of Chagas disease relapse, potentially negating the need for secondary prophylaxis.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition and prompt, combined treatment with antitrypanosomal drugs and antiretrovirals are essential for managing HIV/T. cruzi coinfection.
  • Advancements in diagnostics and therapeutics offer improved outcomes, but further research is needed to optimize clinical management.
  • Effective prevention and treatment strategies are crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this coinfection.