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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an update on treatment and Brazilian perspective

Bruno Terra Correa1,2, Gabriela Sales Serra Silva1, Webert Joaquim Silva Mendes1

  • 1Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil.

Frontiers in Oncology
|March 2, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is a significant global health issue. Advances in treatment offer hope, but access disparities persist, especially in developing nations like Brazil.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer globally.
  • Significant survival disparities exist, particularly in developing countries, linked to socioeconomic and healthcare access inequalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of ALL epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
  • To offer a specific Brazilian perspective on pediatric ALL, summarizing national study findings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ALL diagnosis and treatment.
  • Analysis of findings from Brazilian studies focusing on pediatric ALL.
  • Incorporation of immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular biology in diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis has advanced with integrated molecular and genetic techniques for precise patient stratification.
  • Treatment has evolved to multi-phase protocols, including immunotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy, improving outcomes for relapsed/refractory cases.
  • Access to advanced treatments remains a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the national reality in Brazil is crucial for improving pediatric ALL care.
  • Enhanced access to diagnostics, novel therapies, and local research are vital.
  • Pharmaceutical investment is needed to improve survival and quality of life for pediatric ALL patients.

Keywords:
acute lymphoblastic leukemiacanceroncohematologypediatrictreatment

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