3D-Printed Dual Photo- and Thermally Responsive Materials for Smart Adaptability

The development of intelligent 3D printing materials with photo- and thermally responsive properties remains a challenge, particularly for sustainable applications requiring reprocessability, multifunctionality, and precise control over dynamic behaviors. Herein, we report a solvent-free photoprintable ink featuring dual dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs), designed for photo- and thermally responsive 3D printing. The resin combines dynamic disulfides and β-hydroxy esters, further enhanced with photoswitchable spiropyran additives, enabling tunable photochromic and thermochromic properties. This material also exhibits shape memory functionality, allowing simultaneous shape and color transitions under heat. Printed prototypes demonstrate exceptional thermal stability and multifunctionality, supporting applications in anticounterfeiting, imaging, and sensing. These results provide a sustainable and innovative solution for intelligent 3D printing materials, bridging the gap between multifunctionality and reprocessability. By advancing the capabilities of responsive materials, this work paves the way for transformative progress in adaptive manufacturing and practical applications in next-generation functional devices.