Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southeastern Iran from 2019 to 2023

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by infected sandflies. It poses a significant public health challenge in endemic regions like Iran due to its complex epidemiology and limited treatment options. Effective control strategies are critical. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological factors of CL in areas covered by Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences from 2019 to 2023 to guide targeted interventions in high-risk zones. This retrospective study analyzed data from the leishmaniasis registration system at Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were confirmed through microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained smears. Demographic details, including age, gender, occupation, residence, and lesion characteristics, were collected through questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, applying non-parametric tests. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among 1440 patients, 67.0% were male, with 88.6% residing in rural areas. The most cases occurred in 2020, with lesions primarily affecting exposed body parts. Topical treatment was the most common therapeutic approach. A significant peak in incidence was observed in February and March, with statistically significant differences in patient characteristics (p ≤ 0.05). The study underscores the importance of epidemiological surveillance in understanding CL distribution. Targeted control efforts in rural areas are essential for reducing disease prevalence. Further research should focus on optimizing vector and reservoir control strategies.