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Related Concept Videos

Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

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Photobiomodulation for cognitive dysfunction (Brain Fog) in post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized double-blind

Lew Lim1, Nazanin Hosseinkhah1, Mark Van Buskirk2

  • 1Vielight Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.

Eclinicalmedicine
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Home-based photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy shows promise for improving cognitive function in Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) patients. This safe and feasible treatment may offer benefits, especially for younger adults experiencing brain fog.

Keywords:
Brain fogCognitive dysfunctionPhotobiomodulationPost (long)-COVID-19

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Technology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) frequently causes cognitive dysfunction, or "brain fog," significantly impacting daily life for many.
  • Current treatments for PCC-related cognitive impairment are lacking.
  • Photobiomodulation (PBM), a non-invasive light therapy, has demonstrated potential in neurological disorders by enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the efficacy and safety of home-based intranasal and transcranial PBM (itPBM) for cognitive dysfunction in individuals with PCC.
  • To explore the potential benefits of itPBM in improving cognitive function and quality of life in PCC patients.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial involving 43 adults with PCC cognitive symptoms.
  • Participants received daily 20-minute itPBM sessions (6 days/week) for 8 weeks using the Vielight Neuro RX Gamma device or a sham device.
  • The primary outcome was the change in cognitive battery composite scores, with secondary outcomes including fatigue, quality of life, and safety assessments.

Main Results:

  • Active itPBM showed a trend towards improving composite cognitive scores compared to sham (p=0.088), with significant benefits observed in participants under 45 years old (p=0.028).
  • Improvements were noted in attention tasks across multiple timepoints (p<0.050).
  • No serious adverse events were reported, and treatment adherence was high; however, secondary outcomes like mobility and fatigue favored the sham group.

Conclusions:

  • Home-based itPBM is a safe and feasible intervention for individuals with PCC.
  • The therapy demonstrates potential cognitive benefits for PCC-related brain fog, particularly in younger adults.
  • Larger clinical trials are warranted to confirm efficacy and refine treatment parameters for optimal outcomes.